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We see in the above pictures that (W ⊥) ⊥ = W Example The orthogonal complement of R n is {0}, since the zero vector is the only vector that is orthogonal to all of the vectors in R n For the same reason, we have {0} ⊥ = R n Subsection 622 Computing Orthogonal Complements Since any subspace is a span, the following proposition gives a recipe for computing the orthogonal3 4 $ * # , 0 0 4 6 X Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Towards Reliable Binding Energy Referencing Sciencedirect •ÇŽ† ƒIƒVƒƒƒŒ ƒWƒƒƒXƒeƒBƒ" ƒr[ƒo[